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First marketed as Valium (/'væli?m/) by Hoffmann-La Roche, Diazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms, restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal, benzodiazepine withdrawal, and Ménière's disease. It may also be used before certain medical procedures (such as endoscopies) to reduce tension and anxiety, and in some surgical procedures to induce amnesia. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative, skeletal muscle relaxant, and amnestic properties.
Adverse effects of Valium include anterograde amnesia (especially at higher doses) and sedation as well as paradoxical effects such as excitement, rage or worsening of seizures in epileptics. Benzodiazepines also can cause or worsen depression. Long-term use of benzodiazepines such as Valium is associated with tolerance, benzodiazepine dependence as well as a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon dose reduction; additionally after cessation of benzodiazepines cognitive deficits may persist for at least 6 months and may not fully return to normal.
Valium also has abuse potential and can cause serious problems of addiction. Urgent action by National Governments to improve prescribing practices has been recommended.
Advantages of Valium are a rapid onset of action and high efficacy rates which is important for managing acute seizures; benzodiazepines also have a relatively low toxicity in overdose. Diazepam is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List," which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system. Diazepam is used to treat a wide range of conditions and has been one of the most frequently prescribed medications in the world for the past 40 years. It was first synthesized by Dr. Leo Sternbach.
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